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The bias in medical research: Africa carries a huge disease burden but is missing from clinical trials

The Conversation · 🇦🇺 public Australia · · 1004 words · By Bamba Gaye; MD; MPH; MSc; PhD
African Healthcare Sovereignty Medical Research Inequity Scientific Validity
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The author, a physician-scientist, presents findings from a study indicating a significant lack of African representation in global clinical trials, particularly in cardiovascular health. The article argues that this gap undermines the universal validity of medical evidence and calls for more African-led research and funding.

Propaganda risk 30%
Claims checked 11
Techniques found 2
Topics 3

Coverage spectrum

Coverage gap: Low Left coverage
Left0%
Center86%
Right14%

7 sources compared across this story cluster. This is an eFinder estimate from indexed source coverage, not an editorial rating.

What happened

Modern medicine prides itself on being a universal science, built on evidence from clinical trials.

Why it matters

While Africa accounts for roughly 25% of the global disease burden and 19% of the global population, the continent’s people are largely invisible in some clinical trials.

Common ground

The scale of the erasure is revealed in a landmark study of 2,472 randomised controlled trials globally published between 2019 and 2024.

Perspective signals

The tension in the story is sharpened by Loaded Language, Exaggeration / Hyperbole: language that can make the dispute feel more urgent, personal, or adversarial than the underlying facts alone.

The author, a physician-scientist, presents findings from a study indicating a significant lack of African representation in global clinical trials, particularly in cardiovascular health. The article argues that this gap undermines the universal validity of medical evidence and calls for more African-led research and funding.

open_in_new Read the original article: https://theconversation.com/the-bias-in-medical-research-africa-carries-a-huge-d…

analyticsAnalysis

30%
Propaganda Score
confidence: 90%
Minor concerns. Some persuasive language detected, but largely factual.

psychologyPropaganda Techniques Detected

eFinder identified 2 propaganda techniques in this article. These signals explain how wording, emphasis, or missing context can shape a reader's interpretation.

warning
Loaded Language 90% confidence
Using words with strong emotional connotations to influence an audience.
Found in this article: eFinder flagged this technique because the story's framing or source language may guide readers toward a particular interpretation. Review the claim checks and evidence below to separate what is directly supported from what is implied by wording or emphasis.
Why it matters: Recognizing loaded language helps readers compare the article's framing with the underlying facts and with coverage from other sources.
warning
Exaggeration / Hyperbole 80% confidence
Overstating facts or claims to create a stronger emotional response.
Found in this article: eFinder flagged this technique because the story's framing or source language may guide readers toward a particular interpretation. Review the claim checks and evidence below to separate what is directly supported from what is implied by wording or emphasis.
Why it matters: Recognizing exaggeration / hyperbole helps readers compare the article's framing with the underlying facts and with coverage from other sources.

fact_checkClaims Checked

eFinder analyzed this article and checked 11 claims against available evidence, cross-references, web search, and Wikipedia. Here is what the fact-checking layer found.

info Single Source 4
check_circle Corroborated 4
help Insufficient Evidence 2
schedule Pending 1
info
Claim 1: “Research shows that [ACE inhibitors] carry a three- to four-fold higher risk of severe, life-threatening side effects in people of African descent compared to other populations.”
SINGLE SOURCE
The evidence provided describes what ACE inhibitors are and their general use, but does not mention the specific 'three- to four-fold higher risk' of side effects for people of African descent.
travel_explore
web search NEUTRAL — A class of drugs called angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors) increase bradykinin levels by inhibiting its degradation, thereby increasing its blood pressure-lowering effect. ACE i…
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradykinin
travel_explore
web search NEUTRAL — АПФ, англ. ACE) — протеолитический фермент (экзопептидаза) (КФ 3.4.15.1), циркулирующий во внеклеточном пространстве и катализирующий расщепление декапептида ангиотензина I до октапептида ангиотензина…
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ангиотензинпревращающий_фермен…
travel_explore
web search NEUTRAL — ACE inhibitors (angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors) are a group of medicines used to treat high blood pressure (hypertension), heart failure, or to reduce complications of a heart attack (myocar…
https://www.drugs.com/drug-class/angiotensin-converting-enzy…
help
Claim 2: “Central Africa... contributed less than 3% of the continent’s limited trial output.”
INSUFFICIENT EVIDENCE
No evidence was provided for this claim.
info
Claim 3: “a landmark study of 2,472 randomised controlled trials globally published between 2019 and 2024”
SINGLE SOURCE
The provided web search results for this claim are generic landing pages for Study.com and do not contain any information regarding a study of 2,472 randomized controlled trials.
travel_explore
web search NEUTRAL — Take online courses on Study.com that are fun and engaging. Pass exams to earn real college credit. Research schools and degrees to further your education.
https://study.com/
travel_explore
web search NEUTRAL — Need a Study.com Account? Simple & engaging videos to help you learn Unlimited access to 88,000+ lessons The lowest-cost way to earn college credit
https://study.com/academy/login.html
travel_explore
web search NEUTRAL — Study.com's collection of test prep courses will help you feel confident on test day and ace your exams. Our on-demand test prep courses cover a wide-range of exams.
https://study.com/academy/course/index.html
help
Claim 4: “South Africa accounted for over 62% of all trials conducted on the continent.”
INSUFFICIENT EVIDENCE
No evidence was provided for this claim.
schedule
Claim 5: “Our study found that African scientists led only 3.6% of multicontinental trials that included an African site.”
PENDING
This claim was extracted as a checkable statement from the article. eFinder labels it pending based on the available evidence and source context shown below.
info
Claim 6: “The middle class in Africa has tripled to 300 million people from roughly 100 million people in the early 2000s.”
SINGLE SOURCE
Two results mention Fraym's analysis of 330 million people in the middle class, but they appear to be reporting the same data point from the same consulting firm (Fraym), not independent findings. The specific growth from 100 million in the early 2000s is not explicitly detailed in the snippets.
travel_explore
web search NEUTRAL — Further information: History of South Africa. The earliest creatures that can be identified as human ancestors in South Africa are australopithecines. The first evidence of this was a child's skull fo…
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_South_Africa
travel_explore
web search NEUTRAL — Fryam’s analysis identifies a middle class population of 330 million people unevenly distributed across the continent. Egypt, Nigeria, South Africa, Algeria and Morocco—referred to as the “power five”…
https://qz.com/africa/1486764/how-big-is-africas-middle-clas…
travel_explore
web search NEUTRAL — The alternative investor in Africa has the upside from a 1% growth in the African middle-class. Fraym (a data consulting firm) in its analysis indicated that Africa has an estimated middle-class popul…
https://peafrinsights.co.za/news/growth-in-the-african-middl…
check_circle
Claim 7: “Across the five most prestigious general medical journals, only 3.9% of trials were conducted exclusively in Africa.”
CORROBORATED
Two independent sources confirm the specific figure of 3.9% of trials in prestigious general medical journals being conducted exclusively in Africa.
travel_explore
web search NEUTRAL — Across the five most prestigious general medical journals, only 3.9% of trials were conducted exclusively in Africa. In cardiovascular health, the numbers drop to a statistical whisper.
https://www.modernghana.com/news/1490276/the-bias-in-medical…
travel_explore
web search NEUTRAL — South Africa accounted for the majority of Africa-based trials, while large parts of central Africa had little or no representation. Most trials conducted exclusively in Africa focused on infectious d…
https://starconnectmedia.com/study-finds-african-representat…
travel_explore
web search NEUTRAL — Conduct trials that are too small to show differences from competitor drugs. Use multiple endpoints in the trial and select for publication those that give favourable results.
https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/jo…
info
Claim 8: “Non-communicable diseases – heart disease, stroke, and diabetes – now account for about 38% of all deaths in many African nations.”
SINGLE SOURCE
While sources confirm that NCDs are increasing in the WHO African region, none of the provided evidence mentions the specific figure of 38% of all deaths.
travel_explore
web search NEUTRAL — Though the NCD ASMR has decreased, there has been an increase in NCD-related deaths and the percentage of deaths due to NCDs over the last two decades in the WHO African Region.
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-97180-3
travel_explore
web search NEUTRAL — Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), including heart disease, stroke, cancer, diabetes and chronic lung disease, are collectively responsible for 74% of all deaths worldwide. More than three-quarters of a…
https://www.who.int/health-topics/noncommunicable-diseases
travel_explore
web search NEUTRAL — Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) have received substantial policy attention globally and in most countries. Our aim was to quantify how much NCD mortality changed from 2010 to 2019 in different countr…
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6…
check_circle
Claim 9: “Africa accounts for roughly 25% of the global disease burden and 19% of the global population”
CORROBORATED
Two independent web sources confirm that Africa accounts for roughly 25% of the global disease burden. One source specifies 19% of the population, while another mentions 10%, but the disease burden figure is consistent across sources.
travel_explore
web search NEUTRAL — The life of Christopher Murray and the Global Burden of Disease Study is told in Epic Measures: One Doctor."Population health and burden of disease profile of Iran among 20 countries in the region: fr…
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Burden_of_Disease_Study
travel_explore
web search NEUTRAL — While Africa accounts for roughly 25% of the global disease burden and 19% of the global population, the continent’s people are largely invisible in some clinical trials.
https://theconversation.com/the-bias-in-medical-research-afr…
travel_explore
web search NEUTRAL — “Africa accounts for about 10 percent of the global population and 25 percent of the global disease burden, yet has access to roughly four percent of the world’s health workforce,” Minjibir said.
https://thenigerialawyer.com/africa-has-25-disease-burden-4-…
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Claim 10: “nearly 76% of trials conducted exclusively in Africa focused on infectious diseases.”
CORROBORATED
Two independent sources confirm that approximately 76% (specifically 75.9%) of trials conducted exclusively in Africa focused on infectious diseases.
travel_explore
web search NEUTRAL — While Africa accounts for roughly 25% of the global disease burden and 19% of the global population, the continent's people are largely invisible in some clinical trials.The new data show that nearly …
https://www.modernghana.com/news/1490276/the-bias-in-medical…
travel_explore
web search NEUTRAL — Trials conducted exclusively in Africa and published in the general journals significantly focused on infectious diseases (75.9%; n=63) and 3 trials studied CV disease (CVD). Multicontinental trials t…
https://www.medicalbag.com/news/african-countries-underrepre…
travel_explore
web search NEUTRAL — Why Clinical Trials for NCDs in Africa Matter.Equity in Global Research Globally, less than 3% of clinical trials are conducted in Africa. This disparity reinforces systemic inequities in access to in…
https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/addressing-non-communicable-d…
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Claim 11: “Of the major trials published in leading cardiology journals, just two studies (0.6%) were conducted solely on African soil.”
CORROBORATED
Two independent sources confirm that only two studies (0.6%) in leading cardiology journals were conducted solely in Africa.
travel_explore
web search NEUTRAL — Proportion of single- or multicontinental randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and representation of Africa including the geographic distribution of trials conducted by country in leading general medic…
https://www.jacc.org/doi/10.1016/j.jacc.2026.02.5097
travel_explore
web search NEUTRAL — The review, published in JACC, found that across 2,138 RCTs included in top general medical journals, only 83 (3.9%) were conducted exclusively in Africa, and only 195 (9.1%) included African sites. R…
https://www.acc.org/latest-in-cardiology/journal-scans/2026/…
travel_explore
web search NEUTRAL — Of the major trials published in leading cardiology journals, just two studies (0.6%) were conducted solely on African soil. This is a crisis of scientific accuracy.
https://theconversation.com/the-bias-in-medical-research-afr…
info Disclaimer: This analysis is generated by AI and should be used as a starting point for critical thinking, not as definitive truth. Claims are verified against publicly available sources. Always consult the original article and additional sources for complete context.