“First, some Ipid provincial offices barely pay attention to these cases. Second, when police are found guilty in disciplinary proceedings recommended by Ipid, the SAPS uniformly imposes only light penalties such as warnings or other 'progressive disciplinary' measures. Third, apart from making disciplinary recommendations, Ipid refers some Section 29 cases to the National Prosecuting Authority (NPA) for criminal prosecution. But only one Section 29 criminal case was concluded in the three years studied (and the accused police were acquitted).”

“Police failure to report corruption is not only about the absence of disciplinary and legal sanctions. Internationally, police culture is characterised by a 'code of silence' that motivates officers to keep tight-lipped about colleagues’ wrongdoing.”