“A two-year investigation by The Civil Commission in Israel... says it has examined thousands of photographs and videos and interviewed hundreds of witnesses of the October 7 attacks.”

“It found that Hamas "used sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) deliberately and systematically as an inherent part of a wider strategy of the attack, primarily targeting women and hostages, while minors were also subjected to grave forms of such violence and abuse."”

“Hamas has consistently denied such allegations.”

“These acts, the report says, were committed at the Nova Music Festival as well as at military bases and, in some cases, in front of family members.”

“A 2024 United Nations report concurred broadly with allegations made by Israel. In it, special representative on sexual violence in conflict, Pramila Patten, concluded... that there were "reasonable grounds to believe that conflict related sexual violence, including rape and gang rape, occurred."”

“During a visit to Ramallah in the occupied West Bank, Patten and her team also found that "Interlocutors raised concerns about cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment of Palestinians in detention, including various forms of sexual violence..."”