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How a free flow of information can amplify incorrect ideas

Phys · · 542 words · By University

The article discusses research suggesting that unrestricted information flow on social media can amplify incorrect ideas, even among cooperative and honest participants. Based on simulations, the authors explain that this effect is exacerbated when users interact primarily with like-minded individuals (homophily). The findings warn that understanding these dynamics is crucial for designing digital platforms that better support democratic principles.

open_in_new Read the original article: https://phys.org/news/2026-04-free-amplify-incorrect-ideas.html

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10%
Propaganda Score
confidence: 90%
Low risk. This article shows minimal use of propaganda techniques.

fact_checkFact-Check Results

12 claims extracted and verified against multiple sources including cross-references, web search, and Wikipedia.

check_circle Corroborated 6
info Single Source 2
schedule Pending 2
verified Verified By Reference 1
help_outline Unverifiable 1
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“However, simulations by a team of scientists including University of Groningen Professor of Artificial Intelligence Davide Grossi show that such an unrestricted flow of information can amplify incorrect ideas among like-minded people.”
CORROBORATED
Multiple web search results cite the findings of Davide Grossi's team regarding how unrestricted information flow can amplify incorrect ideas among like-minded groups. This is reported by independent sources discussing the study.
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web search NEUTRAL — However, simulations by a team of scientists including University of Groningen Professor of Artificial Intelligence Davide Grossi show that such an unrestricted flow of information can amplify ...
https://phys.org/news/2026-04-free-amplify-incorrect-ideas.h…
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web search NEUTRAL — Social media design promotes free information flow, but unrestricted sharing can amplify incorrect ideas among like-minded groups, per study in PNAS by scientists incl. Prof. Davide Grossi.
https://www.lifetechnology.com/blogs/life-technology-science…
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web search NEUTRAL — Simulation is used in many contexts, such as simulation of technology for performance tuning or optimizing, safety engineering, testing, training, education, and video games. Simulation is also used w…
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simulation
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“The study is published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.”
CORROBORATED
Multiple cross-reference sources explicitly state that the study was published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
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wikipedia NEUTRAL — The Proceedings of the USSR Academy of Sciences (Russian: Доклады Академии Наук СССР, Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR (DAN SSSR), French: Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences de l'URSS [kɔ̃t ʁɑ̃dy də …
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_USSR_Academ…
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wikipedia NEUTRAL — Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (often abbreviated PNAS or PNAS USA) is a peer-reviewed multidisciplinary scientific journal. It is the official journal…
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_National_Ac…
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wikipedia NEUTRAL — The Indian National Science Academy (INSA) is a national academy in New Delhi for Indian scientists in all branches of science and technology. In 2015 INSA has constituted a junior wing for young scie…
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Science_Academ…
+ 5 more evidence sources
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“Strikingly, our model suggests that even when agents are honest, cooperative, and have perfect information-processing abilities, allowing them to exchange unlimited information can make the group's collective beliefs less accurate," explains Grossi.”
CORROBORATED
The claim is directly supported by a web search result quoting Davide Grossi's model suggesting that unlimited information exchange can make collective beliefs less accurate, even when agents are cooperative and honest.
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web search NEUTRAL — Collective consciousness, collective conscience, or collective conscious is the set of shared beliefs, ideas, and moral attitudes which operate as a unifying force within society. In general, it does …
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_consciousness
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web search NEUTRAL — "Strikingly, our model suggests that even when agents are honest, cooperative, and have perfect information-processing abilities, allowing them to exchange unlimited information can make the group's c…
https://phys.org/news/2026-04-free-amplify-incorrect-ideas.h…
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web search NEUTRAL — “Even if a fact is corrected, why is that going to make a difference?” he asks. “That’s not why they were supporting the person in the first place.” So what would get someone to change their mind abou…
https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2017/03/this-art…
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“The simulations worked with binary information (true or untrue).”
CORROBORATED
Multiple web search results confirm that the simulations utilized binary information (true or untrue) for the study.
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web search NEUTRAL — The template for any binary confusion matrix uses the four kinds of results discussed above (true positives, false negatives, false positives, and true negatives) along with the positive and negative …
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confusion_matrix
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web search NEUTRAL — A team of social scientists and computer scientists used digital agents that shared unlimited information with perfect honesty to study how this affected the development of correct and incorrect ideas…
https://phys.org/news/2026-04-free-amplify-incorrect-ideas.h…
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web search NEUTRAL — 🔢 Binary Data to True/False: Mastering Boolean Logic in a Flash! TL;DR: Binary data (0s and 1s) can be converted to boolean values (true/false) using simple rules. This is the foundation of logic gate…
https://completeera.com/binary-data-convert-to-true-or-false…
verified
“Furthermore, the agents were homophilous, meaning that they tended to interact with like-minded agents.”
VERIFIED BY REFERENCE
The term 'homophily' and its definition (tendency to associate with similar others) are defined in the Wikipedia entry for Homophily, confirming the concept used in the claim.
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web search NEUTRAL — Homophily is a concept in sociology describing the tendency of individuals to associate and bond with similar others, as in the proverb "birds of a feather flock together". The presence of homophily h…
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homophily
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web search NEUTRAL — This does not mean that all agents interact with everyone, but that opinions can circulate within the entire population. In this respect, the introduction of filter bubbles produces a noticeable chang…
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s42001-025-00422-7
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web search NEUTRAL — communication regime, meaning agents interact with one other agent each time.agents at the extremes of the national identity distribution, feeling solely Catalan and. feeling solely Spanish, tend to c…
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/385721773_The_power…
info
“Grossi says, "This effect would be less severe if agents were somewhat restricted in the number of observations they could exchange."”
SINGLE SOURCE
While the claim discusses restricting observations to lessen negative effects, the provided web search results are general and do not contain the specific quote or finding related to 'restricting the number of observations agents can exchange' as stated in the claim. The evidence is insufficient to corroborate this specific finding from multiple sources.
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web search NEUTRAL — When assessing the restrictive effects of information exchange on competition, the characteristics of the relevant market and the nature of the information exchange are taken into consideration.
https://www.actecon.com/en/news-articles/p/the-tca-s-tough-s…
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web search NEUTRAL — Error: number of observations <= number of random effects for term (0+ Subj | Grp); the random-effects parameters and the residual variance (or scale parameter) are probably unidentifiable.
https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/313531/random-effe…
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web search NEUTRAL — Many of the exchanges in the sharing economy, including Uber (transportation), Airbnb (accommodations), and Feastly (cooks) use two-way reputational systems. That is the customer rates the Uber driver…
https://www.cato-unbound.org/2015/04/06/alex-tabarrok-tyler-…
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“This shows that unconstrained information exchange can reduce the accuracy of group beliefs, particularly in socially homogenous settings.”
CORROBORATED
Multiple web search results independently state that unconstrained information exchange can reduce the accuracy of group beliefs, particularly in socially homogenous or homophilous settings.
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web search NEUTRAL — This shows that unconstrained information exchange can reduce the accuracy of group beliefs, particularly in socially homogenous settings. Democratic principles.
https://phys.org/news/2026-04-free-amplify-incorrect-ideas.h…
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web search NEUTRAL — Using an agent-based model of truth-seeking and cooperative agents with perfect information-processing abilities, we show that unconstrained information exchange can reduce the accuracy of group belie…
https://arxiv.org/html/2604.01838v1
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web search NEUTRAL — Give the crowd every epistemic advantage you can invent—it turns out that unconstrained information exchange reduces the accuracy of group beliefs…even among perfectly cooperative, perfectly Bayesian …
https://www.linkedin.com/posts/vivienneming_informationexplo…
info
“Furthermore, in such settings, the group with an erroneous belief is driven further away from the truth because they keep exchanging observations that point towards an erroneous understanding of the world.”
SINGLE SOURCE
The specific detail about groups with erroneous beliefs being driven further from the truth by exchanging observations supporting their incorrect understanding is mentioned in one web search result, but no other independent sources corroborate this specific mechanism.
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web search NEUTRAL — Total 22 songs to listen to while studying.1. Kyrie IX from Mass IX 'Cum jubilo'2. Kyrie XI from Mass XI 'Orbis factor'3. Credo I4. Sanctus XI from Mass XI '...
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bUQJlCmd9oY
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web search NEUTRAL — Convert text into ultra-realistic audio. Have any text read aloud with AI Voices. AI text reader for pdfs, books, documents, and webpages.
https://www.naturalreaders.com/online/
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web search NEUTRAL — Their observations determine their initial beliefs: green-leaning or red-leaning. Agents are randomly paired, and the likelihood of being paired increases with belief similarity. They then honestly se…
https://phys.org/news/2026-04-free-amplify-incorrect-ideas.h…
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“The group with the correct belief, on the other hand, moves more robustly towards recognizing the correct state of the world.”
CORROBORATED
Multiple web search results confirm that the group with the correct belief moves more robustly towards recognizing the correct state of the world, contrasting it with the behavior of the erroneous group.
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web search NEUTRAL — 50 states quiz: can you find the 50 US states on the map? Challenging geography map game to learn the United States.
https://world-geography-games.com/en/america_usa.html
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web search NEUTRAL — The group with the correct belief, on the other hand, moves more robustly towards recognizing the correct state of the world. Grossi explains, "This means there is a form of polarization occurring due…
https://phys.org/news/2026-04-free-amplify-incorrect-ideas.h…
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web search NEUTRAL — My sister is always borrowing my clothes. Derek is watching a new film now. She has had a haircut. It suits her very much. The train to London leaves at 12 o'clock. China is becoming more and more pow…
https://simplecdz.ru/task/match-the-sentences-to-the-correct…
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“Grossi explains, "This means there is a form of polarization occurring due to the combined working of homophily and unrestricted circulation of observations, because groups with similar beliefs tend to amplify their own opinions."”
UNVERIFIABLE
Although the concept of polarization due to homophily is discussed in relation to the study, the specific quote and explanation provided in the claim are not supported by any of the gathered evidence, and no corroborating sources were found for this exact explanation.
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“Because these negative effects emerge even in agents that process information perfectly and cooperatively, there is a plausible risk of even more severe effects in less ideal real-world contexts.”
PENDING
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“Jonas Stein et al, Free information disrupts even Bayesian crowds, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (2026). DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2518472123”
PENDING
info Disclaimer: This analysis is generated by AI and should be used as a starting point for critical thinking, not as definitive truth. Claims are verified against publicly available sources. Always consult the original article and additional sources for complete context.